Stella Artois free essay sample

Grantham university Abstract Stella was a beer brand who in 2006 received a reputation to being known as a wife beater brand due to domestic violence cases involving the brand. To turn this perception around the company begin emphasizing the history and values of the brewery. To help with communication they created an online experience for the consumer, with short films, interactive film and gaming as well as 3D gaming. This allows the visitors to be introduced to the origins and heritage of Stella Artois and esp erase the negative associations. What are the communication benefits of building a brand narrative in the way Stella Artois has? Do you think this is the best way to Improve dialog with the target audience? Stella Artois There are many communication benefits of building a brand narrative in the way Stella Artois has. In this day and age consumers have become more engaged and are much more In control of receiving and interpreting brand messages. We will write a custom essay sample on Stella Artois or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result companies must be able to grow and adapt to their target audience, and Stella Artois ecided to do just that. Individual Brand Congruity When Stella Artois decided to re image their brand to get out of the negative perception of being the beer of Wife beaters they decided to go back to the basics. They decide to distance the brand from its lager lout Image and shifting peoples perceptions of premium quality. (Smith, 2010) The company decide to go back to its roots, by branding the origin of the Artois brewery which was established in 1366. They also used a feminine aspect to branch away from the rough masculine wife eater persona with the Artois-branded feminine stemmed chalice glasses. Individual brand congruity is when essence and core value of the brand resonate with the memories and emotional connections of the audience (Smith, 2010) and with the brand narrative of the Artois Heritage the company established just that. Medlascape To effective communicate to consumers, how the message is carried is really important. Media scape Is the array of channels available which will carry the message (Smith, 2010) Stella Artois utilized online resources by putting their site as he Centre of marketing communication. They created an online experience Including a short film movie name La Boutellle to a 3D Interactive experience Le DÂ ©fi where players challenge their friends to rescue a fresh-poured goblet of Stella Artois by engaging in a number of complex puzzles. (Smith, 2010) Their method of communication gave them a global audience and engage their target audience with the impact of technology. Improve Dialogue I believe that Stella Artois utilized the best way that they can to improve the dialog with their target audience. One way that they used was with going back to their roots faille Artois helped enhance and promote the quality of the product. And with the feminine touch twist with the chalice glasses and the classy point-of-sale materials it promotes a premium product and discourages the audience of heavy drinkers and young males. Another tool used that was the best way to improve the duologue was with their website promotions. With the constant change of technology consumers have access to multiple lines of products available as well as information anytime nd anywhere. And using the technology reflecting the brewery gets the consumers engaged and allows them to interact with the company. For Stella Artois to launch a global, through the line campaign driving traffic to an international website I believe was the best way to improve the duologue and find more of their target audience. References Smith, Terry. (2010). Stella Artois: Reassuringly Expensive Wife Beater. Marketing Communication, pg. 3-5 Smith, Terry. (2010). Introduction to Marketing Communications. Marketing Communications. Pg. 13

Internal Unsolicited Proposal for Glamstone Company

Internal Unsolicited Proposal for Glamstone Company Introduction Over the last many years, Glamstone quarry has been generating aggregates of numerous sizes with an objective of meeting the demand of the engineering as well as construction tasks within a radius of thirty kilometers of Pendle (Ghose and Dhar 394).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Internal Unsolicited Proposal for Glamstone Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This quarry is until now utilizing old machinery and technologies and, as a result, it only generates 500, 000 tones of aggregates of distinct sizes per year which are supplied in the local market within a radius of thirty kilometers from the quarry. Because the United Kingdom wide group of quarries has taken over the operations of the Glamstone quarry, the new owners are looking forward to increase the profitability of the quarry in addition to ensuring that the quarry maintains its long-term viability and competitiveness in the volatile gl obal market. Besides, it aims at modernizing the existing technologies by replacing the outdated technologies with new ones as well as maintaining a good relationship between the local community and the quarry. This paper will attempt to lay down a strategic action plan for the quarry that will provide new directions to the current owners of the quarry. Objectives The core objective of this research proposal is to provide a comprehensive action plan of how to increase the supply of the company’s product to meet the demand in order to increase the profitability of the quarry as well as how to retain its long term viability on the basis of the projected market. Product Aggregates are crucial products which are utilized for all civil engineering as well as construction tasks. They are made in array of sizes and they are main materials in construction works. The Plan While taking into consideration the projected market, the action plan proposed in this paper will place more focus on the following underlying elements: technology, machinery, transportation, expansion, environment and local community.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technology Over the last many years, the technological advancement has played a critical role in bringing critical transformations in consumption and production sectors in the global world. The use of advanced technology has enabled quarries to increase their general output while at the same time minimizing the production costs. The findings from various studies have indicated that advanced technologies are increasingly being utilized to generate products both in the developed world as well as in developing countries such as Africa and Asia (Swamidass 84). These aggregates are produced in different sizes and are of critical importance in civil engineering as well as construction works. Due to the ever-rising de mand for bridges, roads, business and new residential complexes, modern technologies are required in order to effectively deal with these issues. Glamstone quarry, in particular, has not been able to meet these ever-growing demands because of their continuous reliance on old technologies in the generation of aggregates. Despite the fact that the introduction of modern technology requires huge capital and high maintenance costs, it is viable in the long run and it can possess the potential to increase profit as well as enhancing the competitiveness of the quarry in the global market. Besides, the production costs are greatly minimized when new technologies are adopted. Machinery The Glamstone quarry requires new machines if desired results are to be expected. The findings of various studies have indicated that new machines have the capacity to increase the general output of the firm in addition to boosting its competitiveness and viability in the volatile global market (Swain 249). T o this effect, modern/new technology will not be of any critical importance if there is absence of new machinery. Presently, Glamstone quarry are employing machinery that are outdated and as such, new machinery needs to be introduced instead of hauling the existing old machinery. Numerous modern machineries are available in the market that can play an integral role in increasing the profitability of the quarry in addition to maintaining its viability in the global market (Redmond and Romero 56). To this effect, new technology must go hand in hand with new machinery.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Internal Unsolicited Proposal for Glamstone Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, only a half a million tons are generated by the Glamstone quarry with the strength of 30 employees instead of 0.75 million tones using 30 employees. In essence, the quarry should be generating 2.25 million tones of aggregates annually with the current strength of workers. However, this does not seem realistic as long as the Glamstone quarry continues to rely on the old technology and machinery. Assuming that this production level is attained, it will not be viable in the long run due to the fact that the current market consumes approximately a half a million tones of aggregates annually and currently, there is a need to expand this market in order to reach the target of one million tons of aggregates per year. This signifies that the current workforce should be cut down to about 12 or 15 workers and the remaining employees to be given some form of compensation or given new responsibilities. For instance, the remaining employees should undergo training on how to drive new trucks that this study is proposing or given extensive training on marketing related issues such as exploring new markets and attracting new potential customers to the company. Conveyor Tube There are various new machines which have bee n introduced in the market and which can play an integral role in increasing the production and supply of aggregates from the Glamstone quarry (Ghose and Dhar 410). Owing to the fact that this study is proposing for the operations in South quarry, it will be crucial to categorically mention the new machinery plus its utility. This machine is perceived by many to possess the potential of revitalizing the operations of the quarry. To this effect, this study is proposing a new machine referred to as conveyor. Soon after the South quarry is launched, the biggest problem will be how to transport the generated aggregates into the local market. The process of modernization entails constructing convey lines from the quarry to the loading line so as to minimize road congestion and undesirable traffic on the single road which is the main medium of transportation. Instead of using traditional belt conveyors, this paper proposes that new pipe conveyors which are currently available in the marke t and which possess more potential when compared with the traditional belt conveyors. Besides, conveyor pipe will greatly minimize environmental pollution brought about by dust and noise when transporting aggregates from the quarry to the loading line. Once the aggregates are loaded to conveyor pipe, its belts result into a tubular shape after being folded.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This shape plays a critical role in minimizing any form of contamination or leakage. Moreover, this resultant shape allows the conveyor pipe to run along winding ways and to travel horizontally or vertically and as such it can escape any barrier that may try to deter its movement. As noted by Scott and Malcolm, conveyor pipes promises transportation in both direction in addition to guaranteeing cleanliness along the path. They will as well minimize the dust emission in the nearby area and reduce the traffic load on the community road (256). Transportation Currently, trucks that possess the loading capacity of 30 tonnes are being used by Glamstone quarry and are not effective in transporting aggregates to the loading point. This has made the quarry operate only within a radius of 30 kilometers. This paper proposes that if advanced Lorries with loading capacity of 50 tones and above are used in carrying the aggregates, the profitability of the quarry will be increased and its viabilit y maintained. Besides, these new Lorries will have the potential to extend the local market beyond 50 kilometers. The expanded market will bring more customers and business to the quarry and as such, the quarry will increase its production of aggregates to one million tonnes or more per year. For instance, the nearby redevelopment action plan by the waterside of the adjacent city can have the potential to consume 0.25 million tonnes of aggregates annually. These goals will only be attained efficient services are provided by the quarry as well as meeting the projected market demands. The operations that are being carried in the South will increase the production of aggregates. However, these operations are faced with various problems such as lack of availability of efficient and reliable transportation. Presently, there is only a single road which criss-crosses the South and North quarries and it is being shared with the local community. If the quarry decides to rely on this road for its operations the objectives of increasing its profitability as well as maintain its viability in the volatile global market will remain a dream. However, the quarry can decide to use the road by initiating one of the following options: To use conveyor pipes to transport aggregates from the quarry to the loading point. This project will cost approximately 0.67 million dollars to construct a tunnel that will pass under the road which is estimated to cost 0.54 million dollars. The final option is construct a bridge for the local people and close the road. This project is projected to cost approximately 0.22 million dollars. By using SWOT analysis in analyzing the above available options, this paper recommends that although the second option is cost effective and most favorable, it is likely to face more opposition from the local community. The first option will be the best due to the fact that the cost incurred by initiating the project will be recovered in future through reducing t he cost of protecting the environment as well as minimizing transportation expenses. Figure 1. Materials transport to a nearby quarry through covered conveyor belts. Source: Roach (27). Conclusion It is apparent in the report a comprehensive action plan for Glamstone quarry is needed in order to increase the profitability of the quarry in addition to maintaining its viability in the volatile global market. Some of the recommended action to be taken by the quarry includes purchasing conveyor pipes that will play a critical in transporting aggregates from the quarry to the loading point. This machine has the potential to reduce environmental pollution as well as minimizing traffic congestion. Other options explored in this report should also be taken into considerations. Ghose, Ajoy and B. Dhar. Mining: Challenges of the 21st Century. New Delhi: APH Publishing. 2000. Print. Redmond, Steve and V. Romero. Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference Proceedings. London: SME. 2011. Print. Roach, Michael. North American Tunnelling 2008 Proceedings. London: SME. 2008. Print. Scott, Wright and C. Malcolm. Industrial Minerals and Extractive Industry Geology. London: Geological Society. 2002. Print. Swain, Anup. Mechanical Operations. Noida: Tata McGraw-hill Education. 2011. Print. Swamidass, Paul. Encyclopedia of Production and Manufacturing Management. New York: Springer. 2000. Print.

International aspects of business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International aspects of business law - Essay Example There are three categories of corruption cases, which can be political, personal or commercial in nature, but the basic difference lies in the office, authority and position, which are neglected, and intent of manipulations. Further there is political corruption, which may include bribery, use of governmental offices for private enrichment and changing of how decisions are made by public bodies (Heidenheimer, Johnston and Le Vine 1989). On the other hand, bribery is an act of corruption that entails obtaining money or any form of monetary gain, or the making of payments illegally through abuse of public or commercial office and funds. This payment does not necessarily involve the exchange of money, but can also be through gifts, special favours or influence and despite the form it takes, corruption is always a transaction that goes in two ways involving two parties that is the briber and the one who receives the bribe. In relation to the case study Mullet Inc. though incorporated in US intends to secure a contract to supply computers to Central Bank of Acacia, however it is faced with the challenge of contravening international business laws on corruption and bribery by giving the board of directors a celebratory dinner for it to secure the contract. The payment of this dinner is a form of bribery to the board members by the negotiating team for them to accept to continue and finalize the business contract. This paper will seek to advise the Mullet Inc. negotiating team of their legal liabilities by giving in to the Chairman of the Acacia bank demands under US FCPA in comparison to the UK Bribery Act. The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act This Act of 1977 outlaws American corporations from making any payment deemed as bribery or inducements to overseas representatives with the intent of winning or keeping business (U.S. Department of Commerce 2004). This statute was enacted to put a stop to the act of bribing officials from foreign countries as well as restori ng the confidence of the American investor in the integrity of the American business system and, has been amended twice in 1988 and in 1998 with the changing dynamics in businesses (Rutchfield and Lacey 2000). The U.K. Bribery Act 2010 Studies by independent audit firms such as Ernst & Young and Confronting Corruption show that firms and businesses in the United Kingdom have been making tremendous losses due to corruption and bribery. These are termed as barriers to growth and trade and overseas corruption makes it even harder and expensive do businesses abroad. The United Kingdom government has therefore strengthened its laws by enacting the Bribery Act 2010 that came into operation on July 1, 2011 creating a number of offences relating to corruption in international businesses. This law outlawed the bribing of a foreign official, giving, or promising an advantage when dealing with international business transactions (De Jonge 2011, p. 136). The U.K. Bribery Act 2010 also created a n offence of acceptance, demanding, or assenting to receive an advantage or benefit or failing to stop a bribe from being paid on behalf of a firm or a company. Case Study Analysis of the Celebratory Dinner Request under UK Bribery Act and FCPA Public/private sector The FCPA prohibits giving of bribery only to foreign public officials; on the other

Citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Citizenship - Essay Example American citizens need to be active and engage in daily operation of the government activities in order to establish a just and liberal society. Therefore, it is the significant for civic, local, small, and religious groups get detailed knowledge and education significant to administer the right combination of compassion, loving and active discipline necessary for each citizen. This in turn will foster citizenship, encouraging civic pride and nurturing American families. Citizens must be ready and willing to agree and adhere to the regulations, tenets, obligations, and rules by which they are governed. Democratic governments give many freedoms to their citizens incorporating the freedom to criticize and dissent the government. Citizenship in a democratic country needs civility, patience, and participation. Democratic citizens realize that they have rights and responsibilities (Jeffrey et al, 2010). Due to this, they are challenged to understand that democracy needs hard work and an i nvestment of time. Therefore, a government of the people requires consistent support and vigilance by the governed. Responsibilities of citizens in a democracy demand the need for collective self-government and a personal sense of social concern as member of a polity. This shows a multifaceted nature of citizenship as a practice and philosophy that values the objectives and goals of equality, fraternity, and liberty. In democratic states such as the United States of America, the civic participation or engagement implies that citizens are required to act as juries or offer mandatory civilian or military national service for a certain period (Jeffrey et al, 2010). In addition, other obligations apply to the democratic ideals and are the main roles or responsibilities of the citizen. For instance, a sole responsibility among these is the respect for the rule of law. It is significant for citizens to pay their taxes, respect the rights of other people who have different ideas or opinion s from theirs’, and accepting the power of the elected government are some of the responsibilities of a citizen in a democracy. A citizen in a democratic government has the role of pursuing the common good of the community. Therefore, it is important to lay emphasis on the principles of voluntarism or freedom in that the government or the authority does not have the right to compel and force its citizens to be good but it can offer incentives as well as sanctions for bad or unacceptable behaviors. A democratic government needs to have educated, aggressive and responsible citizens who act in accordance with the various civic virtues such as self-determination, freedom from oppressive government and interdependence. This is because in absence of active citizen participation and without practice of civic virtue in the life of a community, democratic institutions such as the State and market and the entire civil society cannot operate in a sustainable manner (Jeffrey et al, 2010) . Democratic citizens understand that they bear the burden of roles for their community if indeed they have to benefit from the government’s guard of their rights. In order for democracy to succeed, its citizens must be aggressive since they are aware that the failure or success of the government is their obligation and responsibility. In turn, the government understands that it must treat its citizens

Community Health Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Community Health Nursing - Essay Example Quality of life really depends upon not only what the family can do, but about what the community health nurse can impart to her patient. In the case of Mrs. Thomas, making her comfortable is going to be the nurse’s primary concern. It seems that Mrs. Thomas is on a regime that includes Vicodin, but she doesn’t seem approving of using medication for pain management. However, it is okay for the nurse to reassure Mrs. Thomas that this will help her make a smooth transition in the process in which she is going through. She is in a lot of pain, and managing the pain will definitely take a lot of pressure off of Mr. Thomas knowing that his wife feels better. Unfortunately, many times pain is undertreated by physicians in the U.S. Since Mrs. Thomas is a cancer patient, it only makes sense that she is going to feel badly with the metastasis of the cancer to her lung—and indeed, it probably is as painful as she has described to the nurse. However, not treating the pain i s going to leave Mrs. Thomas without other recourse, and in the process, Mr. Thomas may become severely affected, seeing his wife in pain and feeling powerless to do much about it. Therefore, the best decision seems to be to treat the pain. This is going to be the greatest help for Mrs. Thomas as she now goes through the dying process. B. Discuss three strategies that you could use in the Thomas’s situation to improve the quality of life for Mrs. Thomas and her husband during this illness. Community health nurses definitely can have a positive impact on being able to improve the quality of life for terminally ill patients such as Mrs. Thomas. According to Larsen and Lubkin (2009), â€Å"By evaluating the extent to which nursing interventions improve quality of life for clients and families, nurses are in a position to [help their clients with this]† (pp. 156). Of course, many times people may argue about what does quality of life mean. According to Sinclair (2007), â €Å"Referring to quality of life†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢its definition is notoriously problematic.’ The tendency toward superficiality in measurement of quality of life in palliative care has been [criticized]† (pp. 62). Three strategies that could be used in order to improve Mrs. Thomas’s quality of life would include the following: have her listen to music; make sure she has good hygiene and grooming; and making sure Mrs. Thomas has some visitors so she can get some social interaction, perhaps with her family members who live out-of-state. Music can be a quite calming factor, especially when one is not feeling well. Something light and airy, or classical music, might be especially soothing. In addition, Mrs. Thomas should be very well-groomed and be helped to maintain good personal hygiene so that she doesn’t get any kind of infection. Third, perhaps visits from her family members from out-of-state might be a nice touch, if the nurse could get in contact with th em and see if they’d like to visit her. Or, alternatively, the nurse might like to arrange a visit or two from a minister of Mrs. Thomas’s faith or a volunteer who cares for hospice patients. Volunteers who work in hospice might best serve Mrs. Thomas if at least one person came to see her on a regular basis so she could maintain some social contact with others outside her husband. C. Create a holistic nursing action plan appropriate for managing Mrs. Thomas’s care at home by doing the following: ? 1. Discuss ways to optimize Mrs. Thomas’

Sports Essays Eating Disorders Athletes

Sports Essays Eating Disorders Athletes Eating disorders can be common among athletes. This may be due to the pressure of the sporting background that commonly precipitates the beginning of these problems. In this day and age certain obsessive behaviour such as extreme exercise and also erratic eating habits have become a normal part of society. Williamson et al suggests that (â€Å"Concern about an athletes body size and shape has become greater than ever before due to the pressure for thinness from coaches and also from athletic performance, and negative self appraisal of athletic achievement†) It has been suggested that the majority of successful athletes are strong minded, and set almost impossible targets for themselves and work long hard hours to achieve these targets. However these factors can bring on eating disorders that can often be found in anorexia and bulimic patients. Disordered eating is possibly found in most sporting activities. The athletes most at risk from developing or indeed having an eating disorder are those who engage in sports that require certain characteristics. For instance gymnasts and also figure skaters are under extreme and constant pressure to preserve a chid like body. Chaotic eating disorders are prevalent in girl athletes but not so much in boy athletes. In 1992 the NCCA conducted a survey of athletes. The NCCA stated (â€Å"93% of the programs reporting eating disorders were in womens sports) (Dying to win 1994 suggests that † Some male athletes do use extreme methods for losing weight, but an important difference exists between these and the self-starvation strategies of anorexics)† For instance, a weight lifters view of his body is not warped. When the weight lifter is not in competition he can regain the weight easily. This suggests that it is possible for the body to return to normal when the athletes sport ing career comes to an end. But unfortunately this is not the case in females. Eating disorders often happen to young girls who become obsessed with avoiding the progression of becoming a woman. These girls will go to extreme measures to keep a child like physique. This is what gymnastics are told they must do in order to stay in gymnasts competition. Because of this it is a gymnastics biggest fear of developing a womanly shape that might obstruct their performance. Sundgot-Borgen 1994 states that † This could provoke a conflict in which an athlete struggles to prevent or counter the natural physical changes precipitated by growth and maturity† many gymnasts have been training since early childhood. In taking part in such specific training before the body reaches maturity these girls risk losing out in a which another sport that they could do in adult hood when their gymnastic career ends. The leading UK charity for people with eating disorders is called B-eat. This stands for beating eating disorders. Beat surveyed 600 young people who suffer from an eating disorders-eat results were: Only 1 percent of children felt they could talk to their parents about their eating related concerns. 9 percent of children felt they might be able to talk to someone at school. 17 percent of children felt they might be able to talk to a doctor or nurse 92 percent of children felt they couldnt tell anyone. B-eat states that† currently the number of people receiving treatment for anorexia or bulimia to be near 90, 000, while many more people have eating disorders undiagnosed†. So of these 92%, the 17% who felt they might be able to talk to a doctor or nurse. So might benefit from the programme. If 92 percent of children feel that they could not tell anyone that they had an eating disorder then it is obvious that there is a need for young people to be educated about the dangers of eating disorders. There is also a need for counsellors or something similar to the Samaritans. So that children have the opportunity to talk about eating disorders to people who will not judge them. The will just listen and give advice if it is asked for. Gymnasts are only too aware about how their slender body shape can mean winning or losing a competition. This one of the main reasons why gymnasts are more at risk from developing an eating disorder. The qualities that make a good gymnast such as high expectations, being compulsive and also striving to be the best are all key characteristics connected to eating disorders. These statistics suggest that there is a need for a well being programme targeting female gymnasts of secondary school age. In beats survey 92% of children felt that they could not tell anyone that they have an eating disorder.17% said they might be able to talk to a doctor or nurse about it. In order to combat this discussion groups could take place on a monthly basis, as part of the gymnastic curriculum in local clubs such as the YMCA (The YMCA is part of the voluntary sector that rely mainly on good will donations and also club membership. It is a non-profit organisation). However conducting a programme surrounding eating disorders should be done with caution and awareness that the people most vulnerable will take any comment or criticism to heart. For example taking a persons weight and vital statistics is not a good way to try and combat eating disorders. This will only make the person mare aware abut body issues even more so if others in the group are thinner or have a smaller body mass index. For this reason, YMCA volunteers should receive training on how to approach and discuss the subject. In 1992 Claire Vickery founded the Butterfly Foundation. In Australia. The Foundation offers support to those people who suffer from an eating disorder and also poor or negative self body image. Claire was said to have discovered â€Å"gaps† in the† public health system† for the people who are and continue to suffer from eating disorders. The Butterfly Foundation suggests that† there is more pressure than ever before on young people who are exposed to highly stylized unrealistic images in the media at an alarming rate every day† This in turn can lead to thoughts of failure unsafe expectations, resulting in little confidence negative thoughts about body image. The Butterfly Foundation can offer support to educational establishments and also local community groups in the structure of workshops presentations to aid youngsters to develop their body image, self-esteem media understanding. The Eating Difficulties Education Network is another organisation that deals with eating disorders. EDEN is community service, which is based in Auckland New Zealand. The organisation is run by a group of women who can provide information and also assistance for those individuals who suffer from eating disorders, and also support their family and close ones. Eden can provide counselling and also workshops for Health professional, the community and also educational establishments. Edens main focus is for the promotion of â€Å"body satisfaction† and takes the approach that you can be happy whatever your size may be. It may be that girls will respond better to women speakers and counsellors. EDEN works in two main areas. These being, working with the people who have eating problems and also working towards the prevention of eating disorders among young people. . EDEN states that† dieting is ineffective and potentially leads to weight and body image difficulties in all their forms. Aiming to work with individuals to develop body satisfaction and seek to create environments that are accepting of size diversity and which support body trust†. At present in the United Kingdom there is little support for vulnerable children including athletes in relation to eating disorders. Only B-eat tries to help combat eating disorders-eat is relatively unheard of and is not well publicized. If the Butterfly Foundation in Australia has been in operation since 1992 then this would suggest that the foundation is working well in helping combat eating disorders. The United Kingdom would profit to follow a similar programme. The programme could include areas such as: Workshops, which are interactive, group discussions activities on Self Esteem Body Image: group discussions are a good way to get people to open up and discuss their ideas/feeling on the relevant subject. Open-ended questions tend to get the best response from people. Open-ended questions ask specific questions which cannot be answered with a simple yes/no or a specific piece of information. In extreme cases, referal to a mental health practitioner. Using a series of cards with different statements is a good way to help children open up and discuss their feeling. It is also a good way of getting children involved in self-esteem group activities. Media literacy uses an â€Å"inquiry based instruction model† This model helps motivate people into asking questions in relation to what they see in the media whether they watch it or read it. Media literacy provides different means of assessment tools to help people look at the media and to help people become aware of one sided views in the media. Media Literacy can help provide people with greater perceptive of understanding the role of mass media and bias media in blocking views of reality. Presentations are a good way of getting important information across to the audience 15mins or 20mins presentations could be used, as the audience will be young teenagers and/or children and may not have a long attention span that an adult would have. These presentations would include questions to/from the audience, but do not involve activities. For this reason they can be delivered to large numbers of students for example up to 50 at a time. The following topics could be used in presentations: Self Esteem Body perception and Image: Body image and perception is how a person feels and views their physical appearance. A lot of young people, mainly in their early teens, suffer from low self -esteem this is because as children develop into adolescents, they become aware about how others see and perceive them. Media Influences: recently, in the past few years it has become† politically correct† for the media to make some attempt to fight eating disorders. Magazines and TV shows and adverts featuring the misfortune of anorexia and bulimia, but this hard work is proving to be unsuccessful when they are presented in the usual perspective. For instance, how can one think that a teenage magazine is actually motivated to beat eating disorders when the stories relating to that area are covered by advertisements featuring childlike looking role models. People often feel that the do not â€Å"measure up† this is attributable to the anxiety of trying to live up to unhealthy† cultural expectations† of physical body perfection. BUPA suggests â€Å"Children and young people need to do 60 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity every day. This needs to include at least two weekly activities that produce high physical stress on bones, such as dancing, jumping or aerobics to aid development†. (Muscat, 2002). Suggests† Another method that coaches, parents (family) and athletes may use to help prevent disordered eating in sport is to avoid making derogatory comments about the female body.† Research shows that female athletes who report critical comments, compared with those who do not, also report greater disordered eating. Such athletes clearly suffer from body-image anxiety. Findings indicate that critical comments related to disordered eating behaviours are from multiple sources (Rieves Cash, 1996) rather than limited to coaches and peers (Beals, Manore, 1994; Berry Howe, 2000; Sundgot-Boren, 1994; Williamson et al., 1995). In addition to comments from coaches and peers, female athletes reported critical comments from parents, grandparents, medical professionals, siblings, and teachers (Muscat, 2002) Therefore this makes the task of altering their self-image extremely complex. Evaluation of the programme could be in the form of anonymous post cards that would be posted in a box. The cards would allow for comments and feedback both positive and negative, which will be essential to the success of the programme and will allow for changes to be made if needed. So the foregoing is the proposed programme. The media is partly to blame for placing a huge importance on what a person looks like and also what size they are. The television and also glossy magazines continually flood our brains with images of body perfection and images of attractive perfect looking people. These messages, which are specifically targeted at females, motivate people into believing that in order to be successful you have to be good looking and slim. This media stereotyping is thought to be the causes why of only ten percent of men have eating disorders, while 90 percent are women. Eating disorders are said to stem from addictive and compulsive behaviours.Other people who have the same or similar traits may turn to alchol,be drug users,self abuse or gamble.People who suffer from eating disorders also suffer from low self esteem,and also a lack of direction in life.This may be a reason why gymnasts are prone to eating disorders.They realise their careers will be over when they reach their mid 20s and do not know what their life will hold from them beyond then. McPherson et al. (1989) states, â€Å"Deviant Behaviour is a product of numerous interacting social and cultural forces. These include an inadequate socialisation process; lack of, or failure of social controls; perceived inequities in a situation; the individuals definition of the situation; and the labelling of individuals who engage in deviance. More specifically, one learns deviant behaviour by directly and indirectly acquiring opportunities†. Over conformity is a behavioral characteristic commonly found in sport. Overcomformity goes way beyond normally accepted rules or regulations that it interferes with the persons health and well-being. Over conformity is behavior grounded in a naive acceptance of rules and regulations. According to Coakley p.166† deviance grounded in overconformilty is often identified as an indication of commitment and dedication, even though it may be dangerous and have serious consequences for the health and well being of self and others†. According to Dying to win 1994 â€Å" a large percentage of gymnastic coaches are constantly instructing the girls on how to count calories, how to act, what to wear, and what to say in public† Because of this these girls feel that the only part of their lives that they are able to control is the food and drink that they consume. Because these coaches are authority figures to these gymnasts any remark made will have deep impact and be taken to heart. One of the main reasons that these girls embark on such drastic diets is because their coach suggests that they need to lose some weight in order from them to look their best. These girls are young and vulnerable to such comments and remarks that they be seen as a basis for enhanced routines. Athletes can be under the illusion that to be a real athlete they must make sacrifices whether it is to your own body or to others and pay the price to increase skills in order to stay in the industry as long as they can. Judging gymnasts ability is not objective. Each of the Judges makes a score according to what they believe makes a good routine. The look of the gymnast may control their perceptions and in doing so affect their final verdict. This reinforces the idea that in order to be at the top of their game a gymnast has to maintain a childlike body. This encourages deviant behaviour, as these girls will do anything to be a winner including going way beyond the norms of society. A terrible example of when a judges decision helped destroy a girls life is an event with gymnast Christy Henrich who was a top contestant in gymnastics in the latter part of the 1980s. She died of a multiple organ failure due to her fight with anorexia and associated eating disorders. At a meeting in Budapest, an American. Judge stated that† Henrich would have to lose weight if she wanted to make the Olympic team.† When Henrich returned to America her mum remembers the first words out of her daughters mouth:† she was fat and she would have to lose weightthat was the only way she would reach her dreams†. Because of these judges tough rules coakley p174 suggests that the roots of deviance go deeper than the individual desire to win or make money. These roots are grounded in the very values promoted through the sport ethic itself. Therefore, much of the deviance in sports is most accurately identified as a social issue rather than just a personal problem of indi vidual athletes. Eitzen, 1988, States that† Within sport, deviance involves violating the rules of a game or organisation, going beyond commonly accepted definitions of fair- play and sportsmanship, and intentionally using illegal means to intimidate or injure an opponent† This means athletes are willing to do anything to get to the top of their game e.g. drug use for weight control and/or stimulants for endurance. No matter how bad the end consequence is. Christy Enrich died as a result of her deviant behaviour spiralling out- with her control. The increase of commercialism in sports has lead to more rules and more pressure to win and be at the top of the game. This in turn has lead to deviance becoming widespread due to the fact that the top judges are reluctant or powerless to punish all acts of deviance. Due to government intervention and equal rights in athletes participation in sports female participation has increased. The first law in America to disallow sex discrimination in any shape or form among people of educational establishment was named† title X†This law was enforced to allow greater gender equality. This means that no one can be discriminated against in relation to gender. Under the â€Å"Title X law both men and women must be treated the same and fairly without judgment. †Title X† covers all areas of government policy including recruitment, housing, insurance and athletics. In the United Kingdom similar law to â€Å"Title X† this law is called â€Å"The Brighton Decleration.†The main aim of the declaration is to â€Å"develop a sporting culture which enables and values the full involvement of women in every aspect of life†. When sport is practiced equally and also fairly it can help make society a better place and also encourage equality. A good example of this is the Olympic games. Sport is a cultural activity, which, practiced fairly and equitably, enriches society and encourages friendship between nations. â€Å"Sport is an activity which offers the individual the opportunity of self-knowledge, self-expression and fulfillment; personal achievement, skill acquisition and demonstration of ability; social interaction, enjoyment, good health and well-being†. (The Brighton declaration) In society, sport plays a part in the culture of every nation. Sport participation in women varies vastly between nations. Females make up more than half of the worlds population. However in sport participation is still predominately male. In recent years despite growing participation of women in sporting activities and also improved opportunities due to laws being past on equal opportunities such as â€Å"Title X† and â€Å"The Brighton Declaration† women in high positions within sport has not followed. Females continue to be undermined and miss- represented in relation to management roles within sport especially at the top ranks. Equal opportunities will continue not to exist and be achieved within sport because of the lack of these role models. For example, women aducation and their ensuring comments might persuade young female athletes away from deviant behavior in relation to body weight and image. In conclusion, eating disorders can happen to anybody. It seems to be most prevalent in young teenage girls. Gymnasts, more than any other athletes are more at risk from eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia. This may be due to the fact that gymnasts, especially the females, are put under regular stress to keep to a very low body weight for visual presentation to the judges. Many judges award points for small body size alone. Because of this there is a need to educate young teenage girls to the dangers of having an eating disorder. As Coakley states â€Å"deviance grounded in overconformilty is often identified as an indication of commitment and dedication, even though it may be dangerous and have serious consequences for the health and well being of self and others†. These gymnasts believe that the have to be the thinnest to be at the top of their game. Their coaches reinforce this idea. According to (Dying to win 1994) a large percentage of gymnastic coaches are constantly instructing the girls on how to count calories, how to act, what to wear. Because of this these girls feel that the only part of their lives that they are able to control is the food and drink that they consume. Because these coaches are role models to these gymnasts any remark made will have deep impact and be taken to heart. One of the main reasons that these girls embark on such drastic diets is because their coach suggests that they need to lose some weight in order from them to look their best. These girls are young and vulnerable to such comments and remarks that may be seen as a basis for enhanced routines. And so if there were more females in positions of authority, e.g. judges, they could counteract this perspective. According to Health magazine, April 2002,†32% of female TV network characters are underweight, while only 5% of females in the U.S. audience are underweight†. In contrast, actors who are older, frumpier, scruffy, perhaps physically challenged, represent evil and also stupid people. The majority seem to be heavy. Once more according to Health magazine,† only 3% of female TV network characters are obese, while 25% of U.S. women fall into that category† This shows that the media is partly to blame for eating disorders in young people. No one wants to be known as heavy, overweight or scruffy. We need more realism for example the normal size for a woman is more like Opra Winfery. According to B—eats survey of 600 young people with eating disorders 92% of children felt that they could not tell anybody that the had an eating disorder. This suggests that there are a large number of children that need help and also someone to talk to and discuss their feelings in relation to eating disorders. However, of these 92%, 17% would seem amenable to help. The Butterfly Foundation in Australia and also EDEN in Auckland, New Zealand are both for non-profit which help young girls combat eating disorders. Both organisations offer support and counselling. Though different means of evaluation such as presentations to schools on the dangers of eating disorders. By following a programme similar to both the Butterfly Foundation and also Eden Britain can begin to tackle the growing problem of eating disorders. In which takes a multidisciplinary approach in schools, the voluntary sector, sports establishments and also G.P, mental health referrals. Government funding could be ring-fenced money for programme funding. More women of authority and also approachable councillors and training may require women instead of men. References About eating disorders/what is an eating disorder. Beat [internet]. Available from: [Accessed on 07 April 2008]. Berger, John. (1972) Ways of Seeing. London: BBC/Harmondsworth: Penguin. Body image. Hms Harvard. [Internet]. Available from:www.hms.harvard.edu [Accessed 18April 2008] Coakley, J (2007) Sports in Society: Issues Controversies. International edition. 9th edition. McGraw Hill, New York. Coakley, J. and Dunning, E. (2002) Handbook of Sports Studies, London, Sage. Eating disorder statistics. [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 03 May 2008]. Eitzen, D.S. (1988). Ethical problems in American sportJournal of Sport and Social Issues. Garner DM, Garfinkel PE. (1980) Socio-cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med. Hargreaves, J. (1994) Sporting Females, London: Routledge. Hargreaves, J. (1986) Sport, Power Culture, Cambridge: Polity. Holt, R. (1989) Sport the British: A Modern History, Oxford, University Press. Horne, J, et al., (1999) Understanding Sport: An Introduction to the Sociological and Cultural Analysis of Sport, London, EFN Spon. McPherson, B.D.; Curtis, J.E.; and Loy, J.W.; (1989), The Social Significance Of Sport, Human Kinetics Books Illinois. The Butterfly Foundation. [Internet]. Available from,http://www.thebutterflyfoundation.org/ [Accessed 12 May 2008] Ideal weight varies across cultures, but body image dissatisfaction pervades [Internet] Available from, http://www.physorg.com/news [Accessed 12 May 2008]

Human Worth and Religion in Revelation :: Revelation

The story revelation is one that demonstrates and explains Human Worth, Religion, and Society in a very extreme, but very understandable way. Mrs. Turpin who believes that in society there are people like her and her husband ( home and land owners) who are above all others except people with more money and land. â€Å"On the bottom of the heap were most colored people [†¦] then next to them not above just away from them were the white-trash, and then above them the home and land owners to which she a Claud belonged.† She has a very strong belief this and Thanks God that he didn’t make her like any of those people below her. Even goes as far as debating lives if God would have a given her a choice between any of the people she thinks she is better than. A trip to the doctor’s office for her husband’s ulcer brings a new â€Å"revelation† for Mrs. Turpin. While observing the people in the waiting room, she analyzes them and gives them titles in the groups below her. White- trash, ugly and so on. There is one girl in the room though who seems to really have something against Mrs. Turpin. Every comment she makes seems to upset the young girl and make her agitation to rise. It disturbs and also confuses her because she can’t understand why the girl who doesn’t even know her would want to ac so rudely towards such a kind a giving woman such as her. â€Å"All at once the ugly girl turned her lips inside out again. Her eyes fixed like two drills on Mrs. Turpin. T his time there was no mistaking that there was something urgent behind them.† Continuing on in conversation with the white- trash an outburst of thanking the lord aloud causes the young lady to suddenly hurl the book she was reading at Mrs. Turpin and jumping across the table and attempting to choke her. The nurse and doctor try to contain the young girl while slowly giving her a shot in the arm to calm her insanity down. Leaving everyone in shock and disbelief, especially in the case of Mrs. Turpin she boldly asks what the girl has to say to her. Settling her eyes on her the young girl says in a clear, but quiet tone â€Å"Go back to hell where you came from, you old warthog.† This ugly nasty young girl is the thing through which the truth is revealed to Mrs.

Cost of Capital Essay

LEI’s expected net income this year is $34,285.72, its established dividend payout ratio is 30 percents, its federal-plus-state tax rate is 40 percent, and investors expect earnings and dividends to grow at a constant rate of 9 percent in the future. LEI paid a dividend of $3.60 per share last year, and its stock currently sells at a price of $54 per share. LEI can obtain new capital in the following ways: Preferred: New preferred stock with a dividend of $11 can be sold to the public at a price of $95 per share. Debt: Debt can be sold at an interest rate of 12 percent. a. Determine the cost of each capital structure component. b. Calculate the WACC. c. LEI has the following investment opportunities that are typical average-risk projects for the firm: Project Cost at t = 0 Which projects should LEI accept? Why? [2(382)] 2. The Heuser Company’s currently outstanding 10 percent coupon bonds have a yield to maturity of 12 percent. Heuser believes it could issue at par new bonds that would provide a similar yield to maturity. If its marginal tax rate is 35 percent, what is Heuser’s aftert-tax cost of debt? [2(383)] 3. Trivoli Industries plans to issue some $100 par preferred stock with an 11 percent dividend. The stock is selling on the market for $97.00, but Trivoli must pay flotation costs of 5 percent of the market price, so the net price that firm will receive is $92.15 per share. What is Trivoli’s cost of preferred stock with flotation considered? [2(383)] 4. Zwing-Zook Enterprises has a beta of 1.45. The risk-free rate is 6 percent and the expected return on the market portfolio is 10 percent. The company presently pays a dividend of $2 a share and investors expect it to experience a growth in dividends of 7 percent per annum for many years to come. a. What is the stock’s required rate of return according to CAPM? b. What is the stock’s present market price per share, assuming this required return? [1(77)]

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realism in politics is a political philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political relations. It is based upon assumption that power should be the primary goal of any political act, both in international or domestic sphere. As far as domestic affairs are concerned, this theory states that political figures are supposed to direct all efforts to maximizing their power. Accordingly, in the international sphere nation should aim at maximizing its power among other states. This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was also touched by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince, as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau. In the second half of the nineteenth century it had a rebirth and appeared in a new form, a social Darwinism. According to this theory, social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the strongest parties survive. According to the theory of political realism, interests should be satisfied by means of power exercise, and the world is defined by competing powers. In this context, the adherents of Marxist theory refer to classes, while other political theorists to states. (Ahrensdorf) Political realism is explained in the following way: â€Å"Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world’s stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of ruling dynasties, whilst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists’ attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism. † (Viotti, Kauppi). Important difference between social darwinism and other branches political realism is as follows: adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to rule over other nations, while other part of realists pays most attention to the need of ensuring that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive kind stands for the suggestion that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could rule with an all-purpose policy code. Since the anarchy does not need a chaotic nature, thus allowing member nations be involved into trading schemes or treaties, the theorists mostly agree that morality or law are not the dominating factors outside one particular state. In this particular characteristic this hypothesis agrees with the Hobb’s theory: â€Å"Where there is no common Power, there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice ? if there be no Power erected, or not great enough for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men. † (Hobbes, Leviathan , Part I, Ch. 13 ‘Of Man’, and Part II, Ch. 17, ‘Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it proves that international surrounding is not stable. Any order is affected if states compete for the same need, and under such circumstances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only. There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism: descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not necessarily mean that morality should be included from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive type of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation and should not ignore their interests and demands. Simultaneously, â€Å"if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which means that it can refute all counter-factual evidence on its own terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving motive the giving nation presumably has–it would increase trade, it would gain an important ally, it would feel guilty if it didn’t, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile. † (Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of understanding political reasons, which requests understanding the causes of state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz says that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only. The logical value of the three theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not. (Waltz) The present international sphere of nations’ interaction is defined by the lack of supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong argument in support of political realism – there have been more than 200 wars since the middle of the 17th century. This condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is not able to rule the state: ‘Without a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs; just as a domestic government removes internal strife and punishes local crime, so too ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in†. (Kegley, Wittkopf) At the same time, such comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike. Such argument includes the personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, for instance, the statement that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations. This theory can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to reach desired goals. As far as the national interest is concerned, there are distinct opinions of what it should be, but all of them agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations. (The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) The statement supporting the supremacy of self-sufficiency of the state has appeared long time ago. Plato and Aristotle referred to this aspect as a ground necessary to provide security of the national power, they insisted that nation should import only insignificant commodities. This economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere stated that the political power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced import and increased export only. Difference between neorealism and classical realism Conflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreement: â€Å"What the one wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too. Struggle and competition ensue†¦. Man cannot [therefore] hope to be good, but must be content with not being too evil†. (Morgenthau) Niccolo Machiavelli shares this opinion: â€Å"how men live is so different from how they should live that a ruler who does not do what is generally done, but persists in doing what ought to be done, will undermine his power rather than maintain it†. (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations). These ideas performed specific approach to a strategy applied in international affairs: a careful statesman must avoid optimistic view on others’ aims and intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leaders of the USA and Israeli against the intentions of Syria and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict: â€Å"It is likely that agreements will be reached †¦ because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous. But when this happens, we must avoid euphoria†¦. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order. † (Legro, Moravcsik) In other words, classical type of realism regards conflict and competition as essential element of international affairs, referring the origin of conflict to the human nature. Humans struggle with each other for resources they need and strive for power to rule over other people. This is a set pattern, which cannot be changed. Due to these expectations of human behavior, the adherents of classical realism theory often insist on the necessity to organize humans into groups, which would serve for better protection of their members and concentrate on improving group’s position in comparison to other groups. Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition, the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to human nature. The adherents of neorealism state, that â€Å"the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. † (Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a right to use any tools to protect themselves. Besides, he assumed that â€Å"all mankind †¦ [has] a per ¬petual and restless desire of power after power that ceases only in death. † (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) Modern tradition in neorealist theory declines the assumption that individuals strive for power due to a natural inclination, and concentrates on the motives produced by a lack of a neutral power that can set rules for interstate relations. For instance, Kenneth Waltz says that â€Å"the main cause of war must lie in some regularity at the level of the interstate system, rather than within particular leaders or states, since war has been waged for all sorts of specific reasons and by â€Å"good† as well as â€Å"bad† leaders. † (Waltz) According to Waltz, this regularity is the pressure, produced by anarchy: â€Å"Without enforceable interstate rules, states must either resist possible domination by others through a policy of balancing against others’ power capabilities, or by bandwagoning-joining a coalition that supports an aggres ¬sive state, in hopes of turning its aggression elsewhere†. (Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity and desire to withstand the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy also act competitively. The difference lies in the way this conclusion is reached. As Waltz sees it, this is the pressure of competitiveness, produced by anarchy, which significantly influences the human behavior. Those strategies that are oriented on power, appear because the leaders are forced to struggle for security, rather than because they desire just to obtain power. Realistic approach in modern international affairs Realism was a concept for analyzing world politics since remote times, because much of humankind history was characterized by wars. As soon as the states’ interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to their positions in power. â€Å"The classical realist worldview appealed to many statesmen during the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as medieval forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts’ attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system†. (Lieven, Hulsman). At present, ethical realism is offered to the USA as a leading principle that should define the foreign policy of this state. As it is described by the supporters of this type of realism, it bases upon â€Å"prudence; a concentration on possible results rather than good intentions; a close study of the nature, views and interests of other states, and a willingness to accommodate them when these do not contradict America’s own truly vital interests; and a mixture of profound American patriotism with an equally profound awareness of the limits on both American power and on American goodness† (Lieven, Hulsman). The concept of the Great Capitalist Peace is also derived from the theory of ethical realism concept. It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is needed to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA power is treated as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace. At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests and needs of other states should be satisfied. Instead of promoting unrestrained power, the USA should support the linking of the most significant states in every particular region. For instance, in the Middle East region the USA should use its power and resources to support creation of a regional patter for the states, including Syria and Iran, and to make this pattern functional enough to regulate Iraq conflict after withdrawal of the US troops from this country. (Lieven, Hulsman) As far as the Far East is concerned, the USA should paid attention to the primary role, which should be played by China in this region, but not by the United States. China is treated as a state, ready to act in cooperation with other states and act responsibly, that’s why USA should allow China to occupy a leading position in finding resolutions to the actions of the regime in the North Korea, and other possible challenges in this region. (Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War. International Security. Summer. 2000 Morgenthau, H. J. Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace. McGraw Hill: NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of International Society. London: Pinter Publishers, 2000. The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations. edited by Baylis, J. and S. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , O’Callaghan, T. International Relations: The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C. Wittkopf, E. World Politics. Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005. Viotti, P. R. Kauppi, M. V. International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism. Macmillan Pub Co, 1993. Legro, J. W. Moravcsik, A. Is Anybody Still a Realist? International Security. Fall 1999 Jervis, R. Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation.. International Security. Summer 1999 Ahrensdorf, P. J. Thucydides’ realistic critique of realism. Polity Winter 1997 Lieven, A. Hulsman, J. America’s World Role Has to be Realistic and Moral. October 17, 2006, retrieved at http://www. realisticforeignpolicy. org/archives/2006/10/americas_world. php.

Article Review Poisoned Water essays

Article Review Poisoned Water essays 1. In this particular case, it is not simply enough for the factory owner to state that he cannot afford to operate an economically sound factory. It is not only his economic future, or indeed his legal future, that is at stakeit is also the rights of the individuals whose lives may be affected by his environmentally and economically irresponsible behavior. Furthermore, clean water is a scarce resource. Unlike sunlight, it is not naturally renewable. By tainting this resource, the individual impedes the economic development of others. For instance, if I cannot go to work because I am sickened by the pollution from the factory, my own economic health One useful economic model to deploy when examining the irresponsible behavior of the factory owner might be to posit the Classical model of economics, as suggested by Adam Smith, which in fact does not propose an entirely hands off' relationship between government and industry. For instance, if a monopoly develops, the government, in this economic model, the government free to step in and break down the monopoly, to recreate a free economy where competitors can generate a healthy economic stasis of supply and demand. Here, the government must step in and assert that a healthy environment must be created for the general welfare as well as the economic stasis of all afflicted members of the community who are not privy to access to other sources of clean water. 2. Allocating the property rights to those who use the river as their primary source of clean water would generate an allocatively effective outcome because those individuals would have a personal and economic interest in keeping the water clean. At present, the current possessor of the rights to the water does not have such self-in ...

Description of human emotions Personal Statement

Description of human emotions - Personal Statement Example C, in front of Lincoln memorial. It has filled my heart with gratitude when I went in the Korean War memorial park. This has given me a lot of impression and provided me with the chance of re-analyzing what I am blessed with. I am a grandchild of a soldier who sacrificed his life to safe guard his countrymen to safe guard me during the Korean War. When I saw the gravestone of American soldiers mentioning 54,246 deaths and 8,177 missing my heart sinked with grief. I was reminded of my yester years when my mother used to preach me about peace. The sacrifice can never be small. The importance of lives is understood when one is not around. We have to live with the memories only. When I saw a women paying homage to the soldiers, I could grasp the importance of each and every life on this earth. The soldier has sacrificed his life to protect his countrymen. He has sacrificed his sleep and life's comforts. The thought provoke me "the soldier has done this for whom For me of course! Also for the people like me." I felt really pity for the women as a single life influences the lives of many. An entire family suffers after his demise. If the family is strong females of the families are capable enough then they can rear their children but what about those families where this is not the case. Today, my heart is filled with gloom why on earth we human beings have to fight for might Where are we heading Who is responsible Do we real

Scientific Misconduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scientific Misconduct - Essay Example Misconduct in the scientific research totally damages the good will of any research that has been. This has greatly ruined the scientific advancement and the professional success in the field of science and research. The wrong doers are prone to heavy penalties if found guilty and may be sanction and even serve jail term as the law indicates. The misconduct represents itself in many forms, (D’angelo p 86). These can be seen from the journals, scientific press and the many institutions accredited to the scientific research. There have been many paradigm theories and ways on how to investigate, who to investigate and the legal actions for anyone found guilty of the scientific misconduct. There has been cleavage as to who to determine this egregious fakery, duplication and even plagiarism the field of science. This paper reworks on the areas that can be useful in determination of the culprits. The political and cultural environment was the first to raise the red flag. The context here is that Americans have over time held the scientist, as people of high caliber, with vast knowledge that do offer solutions. Economically and socially they are valued as people of great importance, (D’angelo p 77). Any tempest in the field of scientific research would bring our economy on its knees. There has to be a lot of care and due diligence that needs to be put in place to main stability in this field. Integrity in the field of science must be upheld. The research has to give credible results that hold water at the end of the day. Failure to provide this vital component would lead as a total violation of the laid out procedures and this will be termed as scientific misconduct. This integrity issue has to be encouraged and motivated to give yields to the multinational credible research institutes, (D’angelo p 98). Congressional attention to have a detailed report in scientific